Nissan Leaf

Nissan Leaf
Nissan Leaf 001.JPG
Manufacturer Nissan
Production 2010
Assembly Oppama, Yokohama, Japan
Sunderland, England
Smyrna, Tennessee, United States
Class Compact battery electric car (BEV), Zero-emissions vehicle (ZEV)
Body style(s) 5-door hatchback
Layout FF layout
Engine(s) 80 kW (110 hp) synchronous motor
Wheelbase 106.3 in (2700 mm)
Length 175.0 in (4445 mm)
Width 69.7 in (1770 mm)
Height 61.0 in (1549.4 mm)

The Nissan Leaf (also formatted "LEAF" as acronym for Leading, Environmentally friendly, Affordable, Family car) is a compact 5-door hatchback electric car to be produced by Nissan.[1] According to the manufacturer, the Leaf's all-electric range is 100 miles (160 km) in city driving.

Sales are scheduled to begin in the United States and Japan in December 2010, followed by Portugal in January 2011, Ireland in February, the U.K. in March, and the Netherlands in June, with global market availability planned for 2012.[2][3] As the reservation process began for U.S. customers, Nissan announced that availability for December 2010 is limited in quantities and to select markets and initially through online reservations only. The availability will be increased by spring 2011, with full U.S. market rollout planned for 2012.[4][5][6]

The announced price in Japan starts at ¥3.76 million (approximately US$43,000), US$32,780 in the United States, GB£28,990 in the United Kingdom, and approximately under €35,000 in the other three European countries where it will be launched first; these prices include the price of the battery package, and almost all countries have applicable tax incentives or subsidies.[3][7][8][9]

Because the Leaf is an all-electric car, it has the advantages of producing no local air pollution,[10] contributes to reduce oil consumption and enhanced energy security,[11] and its total cost of ownership improves in comparison as the price of gasoline rises.[12][13] In January 2010 the Leaf received the Green Car Vision Award by the Green Car Journal.[14]

Contents

EV-11 prototype

The EV-01 test car was Nissan's first prototype with the all-electric drive train later used in the Leaf.

The EV-11 prototype electric car was based on the Nissan Tiida (Versa in US) platform, but it had an all-electric drive train including an 80 kW (110 hp)/280 N·m (210 lb·ft) electric motor, 24 kW·h lithium-ion battery pack rated to have a range of 100 miles (160 km) on the EPA LA-4 or "city" driving cycle, navigation system, and remote control & monitoring using a cellphone connection through Nissan's secure data center to the car. The technology in the EV-11 was previously developed and tested in the EV-01 and EV-02 test cars, built with an all-electric powertrain using the Nissan Cube as development mule.[15][16] The EV-11 prototype was on display July 26, 2009.[17] A week later, on August 2, 2009, the production version was unveiled at Nissan's Yokohama headquarters and is set to begin selling in both the North American market and Japan at end of 2010.[18][19]

Specifications

The Leaf uses a front-mounted electric motor driving the wheels, powered by a 24 kW·h/90 kW lithium ion battery pack. The expected all-electric range is 100 miles (160 km) on the EPA city driving cycle and remains the same as the EV-11 prototype.[20] Based on third-party test drives, reviewers have found that the range available from a single charge can vary up to 40 percent in real-world situations; reports vary from about 62 miles (100 km) to almost 138 miles (222 km) depending on driving style, load, traffic conditions, weather (i.e. wind, atmospheric density) and accessory use.[21][22]

Battery pack

The battery pack holds 24kWh of energy and is rated to deliver power up to 90 kW (120 hp).[23] The pack contains air-cooled, stacked laminar battery cells with lithium manganate cathodes.[24][25] The battery and control module together weigh 300 kg (660 lb) and the energy density of the cells is 140 W·h/kg.[26] It is estimated that each battery pack costs Nissan US$18,000 (as of 2010-03) and this cost is expected to be halved by mass production.[27][28] The battery pack is expected to retain 70 to 80% of its capacity after 10 years; the battery pack's lifespan depends on how often (440-volt) fast charging is used and on environmental factors such as extreme hot weather, which is tough on the battery.[25] Nissan states the battery will have a "lifespan of 5-10 years under normal use".[29] In July 2010 Nissan announced that the Leaf's battery will be guaranteed for eight years or 100,000 miles (160,000 km).[30][31] To keep the center of gravity as low as possible the battery is housed partly below the front seats, in a thin layer below the rear floor, and with the majority of the cells in a long rack below the rear seats. The pack does not intrude into the rear boot space. The battery pack consists of 48 modules with each module containing 4 cells.[32]. The battery pack is assembled by Automotive Energy Supply Corporation (AESC) - a joint venture between Nissan, NEC and NEC Energy Devices. The batteries chemistry is LiMn2O4 (Lithium,Manganese,Oxygen).[33]

Recharging

The Leaf's two charging receptacles are located in the front of the car.

The Leaf has two charging receptacles: a standard SAE J1772-2009 connector for level 1 and 2 recharging (120/220 V AC)[34] and a JARI Level 3 DC connector designed by TEPCO for high-voltage, "level 3" quick charging (480 V DC 125 amps)[35] using the CHAdeMO protocol.[36]

Using the on-board 3.3 kW charger[37] and 7.5 m (25 ft)[38] cable included by Nissan, the Leaf can be fully recharged from empty in under 20 hours from a standard household outlet (120 volt, 15 amp breaker, 12 amp maximum allowable draw[39], 1.4 kW) in North America and Japan; recharging a partially discharged pack requires less time.[40] It can be charged in 8 hours from a 220/240 volt 30 amp supply (5.2 kW allowable draw[39]) that can provide the on-board charger its full 3.3 kW of usable power.[41][40] U.S. electrical regulations require a 240 V charging station to be permanently wired to an AC outlet unless proper interlock mechanisms are available to insure the charging current can be safely turned on and off.[39] Nissan selected AeroVironment to supply its charging dock and installation services in North America,[42] (see the United States section below for more details).

Using level 3 quick charging it can be charged to 80% capacity in about 30 minutes.[43] Nissan developed its own 500 V quick charger that went on sale in Japan for ¥1,470,000 (around US$16,800) in May 2010 and plans to install 200 at dealers in Japan.[44][45] Nissan warns that if fast charging is the primary way of recharging, then the normal and gradual battery capacity loss is about 10 percent more than regular 220 volt charging over a 10 year period.[25] Other companies make compatible charging stations, and companies and local government have various initiatives to create networks of public charging stations[40][46] (see electric vehicle network).

Design

Leaf's control panel.

The LEAF's frontal styling is characterized by a sharp V-shape design with large, up slanting light-emitting diode (LED) headlights that create a distinctive blue internal reflective design. The headlights also split and redirect airflow away from the door mirrors, reducing wind noise and drag. The headlights also consume 50 percent less electricity than halogen lamps.[47] Nissan also sought not to deter individuals away from the LEAF, giving it a familiar sedan and hatchback like design.[48] To reduce drag and improve aerodynamics as much as possible the bottom of the car has aerodynamic paneling.[49]

Performance

Nissan says that the car has a top speed of over 140 km/h (87 mph). Its motor is rated at 80 kW (110 hp) and 280 N·m (210 lb·ft).[26]

Connected mobility

Nissan Leaf will employ an advanced IT system. Connected to a global data center, the system provides support, information, and entertainment for drivers 24 hours a day. The dash-mounted monitor displays the Leaf's remaining power, in addition to showing a selection of nearby charging stations. The display will also indicate how many of the charging points are available as well as if they are the standard 220v or the high-speed 440v type.

Users' mobile phones can be used to turn on air-conditioning, the heater and re-set charging functions even when the vehicle is powered down. This can be used to pre-heat or pre-cool the car prior to use. The advantage of doing this while still connected is so it does not discharge the battery and sets the climate before use. An on-board remote-controlled timer can also be pre-programmed to recharge batteries at a set time eg. during off-peak rates. The Leaf's SV trim has a small solar panel at the rear of the roof that can trickle charge the battery.[50]

Warning sounds

Due to significant noise reduction typical of electric vehicles traveling at low speeds, the Leaf will include warning sounds, one for forward motion and another for reverse, to alert pedestrians, the blind and others to their presence.[51][52] For this purpose Nissan created the Vehicle Sound for Pedestrians (VSP) system, which also will be used in the upcoming Nissan Fuga hybrid, due in 2011. The system developed makes a noise easy to hear for those outside to be aware of the vehicle approaching, but the warning sounds do not distract the car occupants inside. Nissan explained that during the development of the sound they studied behavioral research of the visually impaired and worked with cognitive and acoustic psychologists.[52][53][54]

The sine-wave sound system sweeps from 2.5kHz at the high end to a low of 600Hz, an easily audible range across age groups. Depending on the speed and if the Leaf is accelerating or decelerating, the sound system will make sweeping, high-low sounds. The sound system ceases operation when the Nissan Leaf reaches 30 kilometres per hour (19 mph) and engages again as car slows to under 25 kilometres per hour (16 mph). The driver can turn off sounds temporarily through a switch inside the vehicle, but the system automatically resets to "On" at the next ignition cycle. The system is controlled through a computer and synthesizer in the dash panel, and the sound is delivered through a speaker in the front driver’s side wheel well.[52][53][55] After the new sounds were publicized, the U.S. National Federation of the Blind issued a statement saying that "while it was pleased that the alert existed, it was unhappy that the driver was able to turn it off."[52]

Price and sales

Nissan Leaf sales price by market[3][8][9]
(without any government tax credits or grants)
Country Sales
price		 Equivalent
US$(1)		 Scheduled
launch
 Japan ¥3.76 million US$43,000 Dec 2010
 United States US$32,780 US$32,780 Dec 2010
 Portugal €35,250 US$45,900 Jan 2011
 Ireland €34,995 US$45,600 Feb 2011
 United Kingdom GB£28,990 US$45,300 Mar 2011
 Netherlands €32,839 US$42,800 Jun 2011
Note 1: Exchange rates as of July 30, 2010.

Australia

Leaf sales in Australia are scheduled for 2012.[56]

China

Nissan plans to release the Leaf in limited quantities to government customers in China in 2011.[57][58]

Europe

On July 2010 Nissan announced the final Leaf pricing for the first four European countries where the electric vehicle will be launched beginning in 2011.[3] European prices, including the cost of the battery, are almost €10,000 more expensive than the U.S. price.[59] Most countries, with the exception of the Netherlands, have government incentives in the point of sale. Nissan also said that "the Leaf would allow owners to save €600 a year in fuel costs compared with an equivalent internal combustion model."[59] Nissan explained that its decision to launch in the selected four countries first is due to the existing government incentives for electric cars, and the ongoing efforts to deploy charging infrastructure. Nissan also announced that the Leaf will be available in the other major Western European countries by late 2011.[9] According to Nissan, 12,000 European customers sign-up to receive regular updates, and the company began taking orders in Portugal and Ireland on July 30, 2010. The process will start in the U.K. in September 2010.[3]

Ireland

The Leaf will be launched in Ireland in February 2011 at a price of €29,995 after a €5,000 government incentive is applied.[3][59] Buyers will be exempted also from vehicle registration tax.[9]

Netherlands

The Leaf roll-out in the Netherlands was rescheduled from December 2010 to June 2011 due to the high demand according to Nissan.[3] The announced price price is €32,839.[9][60] Existing incentives include total exemption of the registration fee and road taxes, with result in savings of approximately €5,324 for private car owners over four years[60] and €19,000 for corporate owners over five years.[9] Leaf buyers will also have access to parking spaces in Amsterdam, which are reserved for battery electric vehicles, thus avoiding the wait for a parking place which can reach up to a 10-year in some parts of the city, and without which a car cannot be purchased.[59]

Portugal

Leaf deliveries in Portugal will begin in January 2011 at a price of €30,250 after the government subsidy of €5,000.[3] Some consumers might benefit from an additional €1,500 incentive if they turn in their used car as part of the down payment for the new electric car.[59][61] As of May 2010 there are only about a dozen recharging stations in the country, but the government expects to deploy 320 before the end of 2010 and 1,300 by the end of 2011.[61]

United Kingdom

Rear view of the Nissan Leaf exhibited at the 2009 Tokyo Motor Show.

The Leaf will go on sale in the United Kingdom in March 2011 at a price of GB£23,990 including the new 20% VAT and after the Plug-in Car Grant of GB£5,000 that comes into effect in January 2011.[3][62] Despite the government incentive the Leaf will be GB£4,000 more expensive than the starting price of the Toyota Prius petrol-electric hybrid. This was ahead of announcements by Mitsubishi, Peugeot, Citroën and Renault, all of which are due to launch electric cars in Britain later in 2010.[62]

Japan

On 30 March 2009, Nissan announced that the price of the Leaf in Japan will start at ¥3.76 million (approximatelyUS$43,000) before any current tax breaks.[7][8] The Leaf will be eligible for a ¥770,000 government tax credit if current incentives continue through fiscal year 2010, thus reducing the net price to ¥2.99 million (US$32,200). The Nissan Leaf will also be exempt from the car-weight tax and the car-acquisition tax.[7]

Nissan will offer customers various purchasing methods, including a financing program that allows consumers to pay ¥2.4 million (US$25,800) and then a monthly fee of ¥10,000 (US$108), which includes the cost for electricity.[7] Other services that will be available include charging equipment arranged by Nissan dealers who will assist customers in the installation of charging facilities in their homes. Before the Leaf release, Nissan will also install 200-volt regular chargers at 2,200 Nissan dealers nationwide before December 2010. In addition, about 200 dealers will have quick-charging facilities that provides 80% of battery capacity in less than 30 minutes. Furthermore, Nissan guarantees that at least one quick-charge unit will be available within a 40-kilometer radius throughout the country.[7][44] The 220V quick charger went on sale on May 2010 for ¥1,470,000 (around US$16,300) excluding taxes and installation. The quick chargers were developed by Nissan but they also work with electric cars from other automakers. Nissan offers variants built for hot and cold climate for ¥1,732,500 and ¥1,543,500 respectively.[44]

The Leaf pre-order process began on April 1 through Nissan dealers across Japan.[7][63] During the first three weeks individuals accounted for 64% of the pre-orders and fleet orders represented the remaining 36%. Among individuals, older consumers (age 50 and higher) accounted for 61% of the orders.[63] As of late May 2010 Nissan announced it had already received 6,000 pre-orders,[64] thus reaching their Japan's sales target for FY2010.[63]

United States

Nissan Leaf's recharging station unit.

Price, tax credits and other incentives

Nissan announced that the release price in the U.S. will be US$32,780 before any applicable tax incentives (federal tax credit).[8] Nissan will also have an option to lease the Leaf for US$349 a month for three years (SL trim; totaling US$12,564), with an initial payment of US$1,999.[65][66][67] Nissan will sell or lease the Leaf only with batteries included, forgoing the initial idea of leasing batteries to reduce the price of the car.

Considering the US$7,500 electric vehicle federal tax credit established by the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009, the net price will drop toUS$25,280 for eligible customers.[8][65] The federal tax credit shrinks by automaker after it has sold at least 200,000 vehicles in the U.S. and then it phases out over a year.[65]

Other state and local incentives are available and may further decrease the cost. California has a US$5,000 statewide rebate; there is a US$5,000 tax credit in Georgia, and a US$1,500 tax credit in Oregon.[66][67] In the case of California, however, according to the New York Times the US$4.1 million allocated for the program in 2010 might be exhausted in a few months, as the rebates are provided on a first-come, first-served basis, and the program will exhaust the funds available after only 820 car owners had benefit, assuming an average US$5,000 rebate. Therefore the benefit might not be available by late 2010, when the Leaf is scheduled to be launched.[68] According to staff from the California Center for Sustainable Energy, which is in charge of the program, additional funding will be allocated in 2011, in a similar order of magnitude as the funds allocated for 2010.[68]

Nissan explained that it will price the Leaf lower in the United States as compared to Japan because it wants to achieve higher sales in that market.[8] The Leaf will have two trim levels available, the SV and the SL. The SV trim level includes an advanced navigation system and Internet/smart phone connectivity to the vehicle. The SL trim level adds several convenience features, including rearview monitor, fast charge receptacle, solar panel spoiler, fog lights, and automatic headlights for an additional US$940.[66] Additionally, Nissan will offer personal charging docks, which operate on a 220-volt supply, in tandem with the purchase process, that will be built and installed by AeroVironment.[66] This one-stop-shop process also includes a home assessment by a certified technician to ensure that your garage is plug-in ready.[67] Nissan is giving Leaf customers the option of buying a home charging station at an estimated cost, including installation, of US$2,200, which is eligible for a 50% federal tax credit up to US$2,000. So after the federal tax credit, the average cost for the charging dock would beUS$1,100.[65][66][67]

Scheduled roll-out

Nissan began the online only reservation process on April 20, 2010, by charging a fully refundable US$99 reservation fee that allows customers to secure a place on the list to purchase or lease a Nissan Leaf. Nissan limited reservations to one per household[4][5][6] and by July 2010 it had received approximately 17,000 reservations.[69] Nissan reported that about 75 percent of U.S. reservations were for the SL trim, the premium model, and more than 55 percent of the reservations were from its primary launch markets in California, Washington, Oregon, Arizona and Tennessee.[70][69]

Firm orders will start in August and deliveries will start in select markets in limited quantities in December 2010, with more availability in 2011, and full U.S. market rollout in 2012.[4][5][69] Nissan announced that the Leaf will be sold initially only in California, Washington, Oregon, Arizona and Tennessee. These areas were selected because they are home to the EV Project, which was awarded US$99.8 million from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 by the United States Department of Energy and is the largest electric vehicle and infrastructure deployment in the U.S.[69][71] The second roll-out is scheduled to follow in January 2011, and will include Texas and Hawaii. In April 2011 the Leaf will be launched in North Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Washington DC, Virginia, Maryland, South Carolina and Alabama. The roll-out to the rest of the U.S. will begin in the boreal Fall 2011 with nationwide availability by the end of 2011.[69]

The Nissan Leaf will also be available through two car rental companies and carsharing services in selected markets.[72][73] Enterprise Rent-A-Car plans to offer about 500 Nissan Leaf initially at dealerships in Los Angeles, San Diego, Portland and Seattle beginning in January 2011.[72][74] Hertz Rent-a-Car plans to offer the Leaf at selected locations in the U.S. and Europe, including New York City, Washington, D.C., San Francisco in early 2011.[72][73] The Leaf will also be available at some Connect by Hertz carsharing locations, a service with operations in London, Paris, Madrid, Berlin, Edmonton, and 150 locations in the United States.[73]

Warranty

On July 27, 2010 Nissan announced that the Leaf's battery will have a warranty for eight years or 100,000 miles (160,000 km).[30][31]

On July 16, 2010 Nissan conducted a survey via e-mail among the 16,000 individuals that made a reservation in the U.S. and a sample of others potential customers regarding the terms of the battery pack guaranty. The survey was sent just two days after General Motors announced that the Chevrolet Volt's battery will be guaranteed for eight years or 100,000 miles (160,000 km).[75][76][77] The multiple-choice survey had a batch of battery warranty related questions focused on the responder's preference between a five-year or 60,000 mile warranty or an eight-year or 100,000 mile warranty.[75][76] A Nissan spokeswoman commented that the company wanted to hear from future Leaf drivers to ensure Nissan is meeting the expectations of the marketplace before deciding its warranty policy.[75][76]

Partnerships

Renault-Nissan has partnered with governments, public utilities, and private entities to produce the global infrastructure necessary to make the LEAF a viable concept. The Leaf, however, will not contain Renault-Nissan's QuickDrop battery switch feature. Countries already signed up to this electric vehicle network include Portugal, the UK, New Zealand, Australia, Israel, Ireland, France, China, Singapore, Switzerland, Canada (British Columbia and Québec) and Monaco.[78][79]

Production

Rear view of the Nissan Leaf.

The U.S. Department of Energy granted $99.8 million to Electric Transportation Engineering Corporation (eTec) for the EV Project, involving the installation of up to 11,210 charging stations in strategic markets in Phoenix (AZ), Tucson (AZ), San Diego (CA), Portland (OR), Eugene (OR), Salem (OR), Corvallis (OR), Seattle (WA), Nashville (TN), Knoxville (TN) and Chattanooga (TN).[80][81] Nissan has partnered with eTec on this project, and will supply 4,700 vehicles to individual and fleet customers in these areas beginning in the fall of 2010.[80][81]

The EV Project will collect and analyze data to characterize vehicle use in diverse topographic and climatic conditions, evaluate the effectiveness of charge infrastructure, and conduct trials of various revenue systems for commercial and public charge infrastructure. The ultimate goal of The EV Project is to take the lessons learned from the deployment of these first 4,700 EVs, and the charging infrastructure supporting them, to assist in the streamlined deployment of the full production number of Leafs and other EVs.[81]

The first vehicles to be sold in the U.S. will be produced at Nissan’s plant in Oppama, Japan.[82] Commercial US production would begin in late 2012 at Nissan's manufacturing facility in Smyrna, Tennessee. This U.S. plant will be modified with a $1.4 billion loan granted by the U.S. Department of Energy to allow the manufacturing plant to produce the Nissan Leaf and its advanced batteries. The retooled plant is expected to create 1,300 jobs.[83][84] The Smyrna plant is expected to produce up to 150,000 vehicles and 200,000 battery packs annually.[84]

The Leaf will also be produced at Nissan's plant in Sunderland, England, beginning in 2013.[85] Nissan will benefit from a £20.7m grant from the British government and up to £220m from the European Investment Bank.[85][86] The plant will produce 60,000 lithium-ion batteries a year, and it also is expected to deliver 50,000 Leaf EVs a year.[85]

Marketing

Following General Motors' announcement that they anticipate the Chevy Volt's city fuel economy will reach 230 mpg-US (1.0 L/100 km; 280 mpg-imp) plus 25 kWh/100 mi (85mpgge combined), Nissan announced on August 11, 2009, via its NissanEVs Twitter account,[87][88] that they anticipate the Nissan Leaf can reach 367 mpg-US (0.641 L/100 km; 441 mpg-imp) using the Department of Energy's formula[89] plus 22.5 kWh/100 mi, (150mpgge combined).[90]

Zero Emission Tour

On October 22, 2009, Nissan announced The Zero Emission Tour, with stops in 22 North American cities.[91] At each stop on the tour, visitors were able to view the car and learn about the benefits of zero-emission driving. The first stop of the tour was in Los Angeles on November 13, 2009, marking the unveiling of the LEAF in North America.[92] Other stops on the tour included Berkeley, California, San Francisco, Seattle, Vancouver, Las Vegas, Houston, Washington, D.C. and Orlando.[82][83]

The tour ended in February 2010 in New York City after visiting 24 cities, including two (Atlanta and Boston) that were added to the original itinerary due to requests. Nissan estimates that 100,000 people saw the company’s lithium-ion battery car.[82][83]

Criticism

Nissan Leaf at the 2010 Washington Auto Show, where it was announced as winner of the 2010 Green Car Vision Award by the Green Car Journal.

Since the initial series of announcements in 2009, a former Tesla Motors marketing manager criticized Nissan regarding the cooling system chosen for thermal management in lithium-ion battery packs.[93] This may be a factor to the long-term performance of the battery. There may also be an overestimation of the announced 100 mile range that was computed using LA-4 or "city" mode, which may underestimate the energy draw during highway driving conditions.[93][94]

Awards and recognition

See also

References

  1. ↑ Yoshio Takahashi (2009-08-03). "Nissan Unveils New Electric Car". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124919217149699407.html. Retrieved 2009-08-03. 
  2. ↑ "Nissan’s electric Leaf sells out in US, Japan: Ghosn". Driving.ca. 2010-05-26. http://www.driving.ca/Nissan+electric+Leaf+sells+Japan+Ghosn/3072676/story.html. Retrieved 2010-07-30. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 "Order Books Open for Nissan LEAF in Europe". Nissan. 2010-07-30. http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2010/_STORY/100730-01-e.html?rss. Retrieved 2010-07-30. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Nissan LEAF Pricing information". Nissan. http://www.nissanusa.com/leaf-electric-car/feature/pricing_information#/leaf-electric-car/feature/pricing_information. Retrieved 2010-04-20. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Jim Motavalli (2010-04-0). "Nissan to Begin Firming Up Leaf Reservation List". New York Times. http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/20/nissan-to-begin-firming-up-leaf-reservation-list/. Retrieved 2010-04-19. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Nissan to Begin Taking LEAF Reservations on 20 April; 115,00 Registrants Have First Priority". Green Car Congress. 2010-04-19. http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/04/leaf-20100419.html#more. Retrieved 2010-04-19. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 "Nissan Prices LEAF in Japan Starting at ¥3.76M (US$40.5K); Mitsubishi Begins Sales of i-MiEV to Individuals at ¥3.98M". Green Car Congress. 2010-03-30. http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/03/leaf-imiev-20100330.html#more. Retrieved 2010-03-30. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Dan Strumpf and Malcolm Foster (2010-03-30). "Nissan to sell electric car in U.S. for $32,780". Mercury News. http://www.siliconvalley.com/ci_14785254?source=most_viewed&nclick_check=1. Retrieved 2010-03-30. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Sam Abuelsamid (2010-05-17). "Nissan announces European prices for Leaf, under €30,000 after incentives". AutoblogGreen. http://green.autoblog.com/2010/05/17/nissan-announces-european-prices-for-leaf-under-30-000-after-i/. Retrieved 2010-05-19. 
  10. ↑ "Nissan LEAF Electric Car". Nissanusa.com. http://www.nissanusa.com/leaf-electric-car/index.jsp. Retrieved 2010-04-20. 
  11. ↑ "Peak oil , Nissan’s LEAF and why Ontario is doing the right thing". Clean Break Canana. http://www.cleanbreak.ca/2009/08/04/peak-oil-nissans-leaf-and-why-ontario-is-doing-the-right-thing/. Retrieved 2010-07-30. 
  12. ↑ Terry Macalister (2010-04-11). "US military warns oil output may dip causing massive shortages by 2015 | Business". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/apr/11/peak-oil-production-supply. Retrieved 2010-04-20. 
  13. ↑ Terry Macalister (2010-02-07). "Branson warns of oil crunch within five years | Business". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/feb/07/branson-warns-peak-oil-close. Retrieved 2010-04-20. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Green Car Journal Editors (2010-01-26). "Nissan Leaf Electric Car Wins 2010 Green Car Vision Award". Green Car Journal. http://www.greencar.com/articles/nissan-leaf-electric-car-wins-2010-green-car-vision-award.php. Retrieved 2010-01-27. 
  15. ↑ Associated Press (2008-08-06). "Nissan shows test models of electric car, hybrid". MSNBC News. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26051059/. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  16. ↑ Antuan Goodwin (2009-04-02). "Test-driving the Nissan EV-02 electric car". cnet. http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-13746_7-10210982-48.html. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  17. ↑ Nissan shows off new Versa-based electric vehicle prototype
  18. ↑ 2010 Nissan Leaf electric car: In person, in depth - and U.S. bound
  19. ↑ Nissan (2009-08-02). "Nissan unveils "LEAF" - the world's first electric car designed for affordability and real-world requirements". Press release. http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2009/_STORY/090802-02-e.html. Retrieved 2010-05-13. 
  20. ↑ "Nissan LEAF Specs". Nissan. http://www.nissan-zeroemission.com/EN/LEAF/specs.html. Retrieved 2009-08-03. 
  21. ↑ Jerry Garrett (2010-07-16). "Driving the Nissan Leaf Electric Car Reveals Range Variability". New York Times. http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/16/driving-the-nissan-leaf-electric-car-reveals-range-variability/. Retrieved 2010-07-17. 
  22. ↑ "Nissan Leaf has 100-mile range--give or take 40 percent". CNET. 2010-06-21. http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-13746_7-20008319-48.html. Retrieved 2010-06-26. 
  23. ↑ http://www.nissan-zeroemission.com/EN/LEAF/specs.html
  24. ↑ "Details on Nissan Leaf battery pack, including how recharging speed affects battery life". AutoblogGreen. 2010-05-27. http://green.autoblog.com/2010/05/27/details-on-nissan-leaf-battery-pack-including-how-recharging-sp/. Retrieved 2010-05-27. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "13 Key Questions and Answers about Nissan Leaf Battery Pack and Ordering". HybridCars.com. 2010-05-27. http://www.hybridcars.com/news/13-key-questions-and-answers-about-nissan-leaf-battery-pack-and-ordering-28007.html. Retrieved 2010-05-31. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Paul Weissler (2010-03-12). "Leaf to be sold with battery pack at C-segment price". Automotive Engineering International Online. SAE International. http://www.sae.org/mags/aei/7714. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  27. ↑ "Nissan Leaf profitable by year three; battery cost closer to $18,000". AutoblogGreen. 2010-05-15. http://green.autoblog.com/2010/05/15/nissan-leaf-profitable-by-year-three-battery-cost-closer-to-18/. Retrieved 2010-05-15. 
  28. ↑ "Nissan: LEAF, Like Other Electric Cars, Will Lose Money at First". http://earth2tech.com/2010/05/17/nissan-leaf-like-other-electric-cars-will-lose-money-at-first/. 
  29. ↑ "Nissan Leaf Technology FAQ". Nissan USA. http://www.nissanusa.com/leaf-electric-car/faq/list/technology. Retrieved 2010-07-27. "Q: How many charging cycles can the energy storage device survive? A: The battery will have a lifespan of 5-10 years under normal use. We are still working to define all variables which will impact battery performance" 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Nissan to Warranty LEAF Battery for 8 Years, 100,000 Miles". Green Car Congress. 2010-07-27. http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/07/nissan-to-warranty-leaf-battery-for-8-years-100000-miles-.html#more. Retrieved 2010-07-27. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Peter Valdes-Dapena. "Chevy Volt priced at $41,000". CNN Money. http://money.cnn.com/2010/07/27/autos/volt_price/index.htm?hpt=T2. Retrieved 2010-07-27. 
  32. ↑ CNN (2010-02-17). "Nissan's Leaf up close". http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2010/fortune/1002/gallery.nissan_leaf.fortune/index.html. Retrieved 2010-05-28. 
  33. ↑ "Automotive Energy Supply Corporation (AESC)". AESC. 2010-08-16. http://www.eco-aesc.com/en/mnliion.html. Retrieved 2010-08-16. 
  34. ↑ Eric Loveday (2010-04-09). "Nissan and AeroVironment show off prototype $2,200 Leaf home charger". Autoblog Green. http://green.autoblog.com/2010/04/09/nissan-and-aerovironment-show-off-prototype-leaf-home-charger/. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  35. ↑ "Tokyo Electric Power Licenses Aker Wade to Build Level III Fast Chargers". Green Car Congress. 2010-01-15. http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/01/akerwade-20100115.html. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  36. ↑ "Exclusive interview with the CEO of Aker Wade: “Standardisation is the key”". cars21.com. 2010-04-29. http://www.cars21.com/content/articles/2010-04-29-exclusive-interview-with-bret-aker--standardisation-is-the-key.php. Retrieved 2010-05-13. 
  37. ↑ Nissan. "Nissan LEAF Electric Car | The New Car". http://www.nissanusa.com/leaf-electric-car/tags/show/range#/leaf-electric-car/specs-features/index. Retrieved 18 August 2010. 
  38. ↑ Nick Chambers (2010-05-27). "Nissan LEAF Will Include Fast Charge Capability and Emergency Charging Cable at Launch". gas2.0. http://gas2.org/2010/05/27/nissan-leaf-will-include-fast-charge-capability-and-emergency-charging-cable-at-launch/. Retrieved 2010-06-13. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 "NEC 1999 National Electrical Code Article 625 - Electric Vehicle Charging System". National Electrical Code. 1999. http://www.madkatz.com/ev/nec1999Article625.html. Retrieved 2010-06-27. "C. Equipment Construction 625-13. Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment. Electric vehicle supply equipment rated at 125 volt, single phase, 15 or 20 amperes or part of a system identified and listed as suitable for the purpose and meeting the requirements of Sections 625-18. 625-19. and 625-29 shall be permitted to be cord and plug connected. All other electric vehicle supply equipment shall be permanently connected and fastened in place. This equipment shall have no exposed live parts." 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 "Nissan LEAF Electric Car | Answers | Charging". Nissan. http://www.nissanusa.com/leaf-electric-car/faq/list/charging#/leaf-electric-car/faq/list/charging. Retrieved 2010-05-25. 
  41. ↑ Christopher Sawyer (February 2009). "Nissan's EV and Battery Plans". Automotive Design and Production. http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/020903.html. Retrieved 2009-10-10. 
  42. ↑ AeroVironment (2010-01-11). "Nissan North America Selects AeroVironment To Install Home-Charging Stations For Nissan Leaf". Press release. http://www.avinc.com/resources/press_release/nissan_north_america_selects_aerovironment_to_install_home-charging_station. Retrieved 2010-05-21. 
  43. ↑ Chuck Squatriglia (2009-09-02). "Nissan Turns Over An Electric Leaf". Autopia. Wired.com. http://www.wired.com/autopia/2009/08/nissan-electric-leaf/. Retrieved 2010-05-13. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 "Nissan Introduces Quick EV Charger". Nissan Global Website. 2010-05-21. http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2010/_STORY/100521-01-e.html. Retrieved 2010-05-25. 
  45. ↑ Sam Abuelsamid (2010-05-21). "Nissan announces 49 kW quick charger for EVs". Autoblog Green. http://green.autoblog.com/2010/05/21/nissan-announces-49-kw-quick-charger-for-evs/2#c28103204. Retrieved 2010-05-25. 
  46. ↑ "Renault-Nissan, EDF to develop e-cars and infrastructure in France". EE Times Europe automotive. EETimes. 2008-10-10. http://www.automotive-eetimes.com/en/renault-nissan-_edf_to_develop_e-cars_and_infrastructure_in_france?cmp_id=7&news_id=211100106. Retrieved 2010-05-21. 
  47. ↑ YouTube (2010-01-31). "Nissan Leaf electric vehicle - MPG-o-Matic! 7m20s". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVwtwhvmK0I. Retrieved 2010-05-28. 
  48. ↑ 2011 Nissan LEAF: Design Aimed at Mainstream Appeal
  49. ↑ Motor Trend (2010-08-03). "Quick Comparison: 2011 Nissan Leaf vs. 2012 Mitsubishi i-MiEV". Motor Trend. http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/alternative/1007_2011_nissan_leaf_vs_2012_mitsubishi_i_miev/exterior.html. Retrieved 2010-08-03. 
  50. ↑ YouTube (2009-11-30). "Nissan Leaf electric vehicle - CNET". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bzFkn5X6_5M. Retrieved 2010-05-28. 
  51. ↑ Jim Motavalli (2010-06-01). "Electric Car Warning Sounds: Don’t Expect Ring Tones". New York Times. http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/01/electric-car-warning-sounds-dont-expect-ringtones/. Retrieved 2010-06-02. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 Jim Motavalli (2010-06-17). "Blind Advocates ‘Disappointed’ in Nissan E.V. Sounds for Pedestrians". New York Times. http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/06/17/blind-advocates-disappointed-in-nissan-e-v-sounds-for-pedestrians/?ref=automobiles. Retrieved 2010-06-19.  The article includes a sample of the two sounds.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Nissan demonstrates the affordable, 100% electric, zero-emission Nissan LEAF". Nissan. 2010-06-11. http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2010/_STORY/100611-01-e.html. Retrieved 2010-06-15. 
  54. ↑ "Nissan Leaf will break the EV silence with a digital whistle [w/video"]. Autoblog. 2010-06-14. http://www.autoblog.com/2010/06/14/nissan-leaf-will-break-the-ev-silence-with-a-digital-whistle-w/#continued. Retrieved 2010-06-15.  The article has a video with the Leaf warning sounds.
  55. ↑ "JAPAN: Nissan makes Leaf noisier at low speed". Just Auto. 2010-06-11. http://www.just-auto.com/news/nissan-makes-leaf-noisier-at-low-speed_id104731.aspx?lk=dm. Retrieved 2010-06-15. 
  56. ↑ Matt Campbell (2010-03-15). "Nissan’s “affordable” electric car". Drive. http://news.drive.com.au/drive/motor-news/nissans-affordable-electric-car-20100315-q8m8.html. Retrieved 2010-04-10. 
  57. ↑ "Nissan to sell Leaf in China in 2011". Reuters. 2010-04-08. http://in.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idINIndia-47546620100408?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0. Retrieved 2010-04-24. 
  58. ↑ "Nissan March and NV200 Featured at 2010 Beijing International Automobile Exhibition - All-electric Nissan LEAF among Nissan lineup on display". Nissan. 2010-04-23. http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/NEWS/2010/_STORY/100423-01-e.html. Retrieved 2010-04-24. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.4 Graeme Roberts (2010-05-17). "UK: Nissan Leaf costlier in Europe even with incentives". Just-Auto. http://www.just-auto.com/news/nissan-leaf-costlier-in-europe-even-with-incentives_id104404.aspx?lk=dm. Retrieved 2010-05-17. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "Leaf prijzen" (in Dutch). Nissan Netherlands. http://www.nissan.nl/NL/nl/inside-nissan/innovation-and-technology/leaf_prijzen.html. Retrieved 2010-05-19. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 "Nissan já divulgou preço do carro eléctrico Leaf" (in Portuguese). Journal de Notícias. 2010-05-17. http://jn.sapo.pt/blogs/velocidade/archive/2010/05/17/nissan-j-225-divulgou-pre-231-o-do-carro-el-233-ctrico-leaf.aspx. Retrieved 2010-05-17. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Lea, Robert (2010-05-18). "Nissan prices electric car at £23,350". London: The Times. http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/engineering/article7129202.ece. Retrieved 2010-05-18. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 "Pre-order of Nissan LEAF in Japan Reaches 3,754 Units in 3 Weeks; 64% from Individuals, Skewing to Older Buyers". Green Car Congress. 2010-04-22. http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/04/leaf-japan-20100422.html#more. Retrieved 2010-04-24. 
  64. ↑ Nick Bunkley (2010-05-25). "Nissan Says Electric Car Is Sold Out for This Year". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/26/business/26auto.html?hpw. Retrieved 2010-05-26. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 "Nissan will sell electric car for just over $25K". Yahoo Finance. 2010-03-30. http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Nissans-electric-car-to-cost-apf-3270595876.html?x=0&sec=topStories&pos=6&asset=&ccode=. Retrieved 2010-03-30. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 66.4 "Nissan LEAF™ pricing". Nissan. 2010-03-30. http://www.nissanusa.com/leaf-electric-car/pricing.jsp?dcp=tqd.leaf.MCR.March10Leafenews.HRN. Retrieved 2010-03-30. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 "2011 Nissan Leaf US pricing officially announced: as low as $25,280*". GreenAutoBlog. 2010-03-30. http://green.autoblog.com/2010/03/30/2011-nissan-leaf-us-pricing-officially-announced-as-low-as-25/. Retrieved 2010-03-30. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Jim Motavalli (2010-03-19). "California’s New $5,000 E.V. Rebates: Grab ‘Em Fast". New York Times. http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/19/californias-new-5000-e-v-rebates-grab-em-fast/?emc=eta1. Retrieved 2010-06-10. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 69.4 "Nissan’s US Roll-Out Plan for the LEAF". Green Car Congress. 2010-07-28. http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/07/leaf-20100728.html#more. Retrieved 2010-07-28. 
  70. ↑ Scott Doggett (2010-04-24). "Nissan Says 6,600 U.S. Consumers Have Already Reserved a Leaf Electric Vehicle". Edmunds.com. http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/04/nissan-says-6600-us-consumers-have-already-reserved-a-leaf-electric-vehicle.html. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 
  71. ↑ "Nissan Leaf Batteries to Carry 8-Year/100,000-Mile Warranty, Launch Markets Announced". Car and Driver. 2010-07-28. http://blog.caranddriver.com/nissan-leaf-batteries-to-carry-8-year100000-mile-warranty-launch-markets-announced/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+caranddriver/blog+(Car+and+Driver+Blog)&utm_content=Google+Reader. Retrieved 2010-07-28. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 Hugo Martín (2010-08-09). "Car rental companies to offer electric Nissan Leafs". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-travel-briefcase-20100809,0,7868968.story. Retrieved 2010-08-09. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 Jim Motavalli (2010-05-12). "Hertz Plugs Into the Nissan Leaf". New York Times. http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/12/hertz-plugs-into-the-nissan-leaf/. Retrieved 2010-08-09. 
  74. ↑ "Enterprise Rent-A-Car to Begin Offering Electric Vehicles in U.S.". Auto Rental News. 2010-07-28. http://www.autorentalnews.com/News/Story/2010/07/Enterprise-Rent-A-Car-to-Begin-Offering-Electric-Vehicles-in-U-S.aspx. Retrieved 2010-08-09. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Jim Motavalli (2010-07-21). "Nissan Questions Consumers About Leaf Battery Warranty". New York Times. http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/21/nissan-questions-consumers-about-leaf-battery-warranty/. Retrieved 2010-07-25. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 John O'Dell (2010-07-22). "Nissan Seeking Customer Input on Leaf Battery Warranty: Is 60,000 Miles Enough?". Edmunds.com. http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/07/nissan-seeking-customer-input-on-leaf-battery-warranty-is-60000-miles-enough.html. Retrieved 2010-07-25. 
  77. ↑ Tom Zeller Jr. (2010-07-14). "G.M. to Offer 8-Year Guarantee for New Electric Car’s Battery". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/15/business/15auto.html?_r=1&ref=automobiles. Retrieved 2010-07-25. 
  78. ↑ Jim Motavalli (2009-08-03). "Nissan Unveils Leaf, an Electric Car". New York Times. http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/03/nissan-unveils-leaf-electric-car/. Retrieved 2009-10-05. 
  79. ↑ Matt Saunders (2009-09-15). "Nissan Leaf EV launched". http://www.autocar.co.uk/News/NewsArticle/AllCars/242048/. Retrieved 2009-10-06. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 "The EV Project home website: list of the 11 participating cities". EV Project. http://www.theevproject.com/. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 Scott Doggett (2009-10-01). "eTec Signs $99.8 Million DOE Contract, Provides Scope of Work, Launches Website". Edmunds.com. http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2009/10/etec-signs-998-million-doe-contract-provides-scope-of-work-launches-website.html. Retrieved 2010-04-27. 
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  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 "Nissan Leaf Tour Ends In NYC With Success". Electricnick.com. 2010-02-12. http://electricnick.com/2010/02/12/nissan-leaf-tour-ends-nyc/. Retrieved 2010-02-13. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 "Secretary Chu Announces Closing of $1.4 Billion Loan to Nissan". U.S. Department of Energy. 2010-01-28. http://www.energy.gov/8581.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-13. 
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  94. ↑ Paul Niedermeyer (2009-12-18). "EV Range High Anxiety: Normal Driving May Cut Range In Half". The Truth About Cars. http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/ev-range-high-anxiety-normal-driving-may-cut-range-in-half/. Retrieved 2010-03-20. 
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